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Category: Debussy

a veritable Schubertiade, III

Impression, sunrise, 1872 - Claude Monet

 

     Impression, Sunrise (1872) 

 

               Claude Monet

 

                   ________

                    

what struck me most about Schubert’s Piano 

Sonata no. 17 in D major, his D850, was, more

than its emotional impact, its technical

wizardry, from the start Schubert dazzles with 

his prestidigitation, his manual dexterity, the

notes fly

 

there’s a lot of Beethoven in this composition,

working against the beat, apart from the fourth 

movement, the rondo, Schubert is being 

unequivocally Beethoven

 

the fourth movement is, incidentally, utter 

Mozart, you can tell from the preponderance

of trills

 

texture, meanwhile, overcoming melody, 

in, most notably, the third movement, is 

right out of Chopin, his Winter Winds 

for instance, an inspired combination

of both melody and texture, where is

the supremacy of either, listen, you tell 

me, do the Winds conquer the groans, 

the tribulations, of the underlying melody, 

the left hand, the low notes, the chthonic, 

the earth, or does the dexterousness of 

the right hand, the ephemeral, the 

transitory, win the day

 

texture will overcome melody eventually, 

as the century moves along, Impressionism 

will prioritize perspective over emotion, the 

head over the heart, Debussy, among 

others, Renoir, Monet, Pissaro, will 

dominate, see above,  but that’s another

story

 

meanwhile Schubert

 

listen

 

 

R ! chard

November / Month of the Sonata – 27

Sweet, piercing sweet was the music of Pan's pipe - Walter Crane

   Sweet, piercing sweet was the music of Pan’s pipe  

 

          Walter Crane

 

               ______

 

               

a sonata can be written for any instrument,

some just more prevalent than others, 

here’s one for clarinet, Brahms’ Opus 120, 

no 2 

 

after the distortions of later composers

you might remember from these pages,

it’s nearly quaint to return to the 

traditional templates for the sonata, 

more than one movement, no more

than two instruments, and attention

to the Classical imperatives of tempo, 

tonality, and repetition

 

Brahms doesn’t put a foot wrong, all

of the requirements are observed

punctiliously, you could even sing 

or dance to this music, something

you couldn’t later do, unless with

choreography, see, for instance,

Nijinsky

 

talking about Nijinsky, the clarinetist

here is as feral as the faun Nijinsky 

portrays, via Nureyev in this replicated 

version, in his homage to Debussy’s 

The Afternoon of a Faun, 1912, he 

even seems, the clarinetist, the very 

god Pan, come down from Olympus 

to frequent the backwoods of Ionia, 

to beguile those who would be 

beguiled, with his flute, see above

 

his accompanist is equally hot

 

watch

 

enjoy

 

 

R ! chard 

November / Month of the Sonata – 25

Homage to Claude Debussy, 1952 - Raoul Dufy

    Homage to Claude Debussy (1952 )

 

           Raoul Dufy

 

               _____

               

if I object to sonatas consisting of only 

one movement, I can also object to 

sonatas consisting of more than two

instruments, but here’s Debussy’s

Sonata for flute, viola and harp, 

which should more accurately have 

been called a trio, a trio is a sonata 

with three instruments

 

note also in the Debussy the breakdown

of all the Classical imperatives, tempo, 

tonality, and repetition, another blow to

established authority 

 

but the test is, does it work, at which 

point, if it does, terminology becomes 

moot, and meaning changes 

 

today, I pondered the word love, its 

myriad meanings, and how we still 

call that infinite variety of emotions 

the same thing, the word sonata 

doesn’t hold a candle to the word 

love for disinformation

 

I thought, okay, just make it work,

I’ll define it for myself later, each 

one of us being the final arbiter 

of our own aesthetic sensibility

 

Debussy or not Debussy, that is 

the question

 

 

R ! chard

November / Month of the Sonata – 10

Moonlight, c.1895 - Felix Vallotton

    “Moonlight” or “Clair de lune” (c.1895) 

 

             Félix Vallotton

 

                  _______

 

 

at the end of the Nineteenth Century, a 

a seismic shift occurred in our Western 

culture’s sensitivity to art

 

much as visual representation during

the Renaissance and up until the late

Baroque Period had dominated, to 

be replaced by music during the 

Classical Age as the sensory 

temperature of the times, visual 

representation once again took over 

as arbiter of Western sensibility 

during Impressionism

 

you’ll remember the artists of the 

Renaissance, but not many of the 

composers, you’ll be able to name 

the composers of the Classical Age

and the Romantic, but not many, if

any, of the painters, you’ll then 

immediately toss off a list of artists 

of the Impressionist Era, but not 

many of its composers

 

this lasts till, I’d say, Andy Warhol,

when the visual arts still held sway,

but the present is, it seems, up for 

grabs

 

here’s meanwhile, an Impressionist,

Claude Debussy – his Clair de lune,

an obvious Impressionist statement, 

to be compared, incidentally, with 

its Romantic counterpart, Beethoven’s 

Moonlight Sonata – delivering his 

Sonata for Violin of 1917

 

enjoy

 

 

R ! chard

how to listen to music if you don’t know your Beethoven from your Bach, XVIII – Rachmaninov

Portrait of the composer Sergei Rachmaninov, 1925 - Konstantin Somov

 

     Portrait of the composer Sergei Rachmaninov

 

                   Konstantin Somov

 

                                ______

 

though you probably still wouldn’t be able

to tell a prelude from a hole in the wall, 

nor, admittedly, can I, unless indicated,

if you’ve listened to the pieces I’ve

recently presented, you’ve noted, even 

merely sensed, really, that the preludes 

of one composer don’t sound at all like

those of the others, Bach doesn’t sound 

like Chopin, who doesn’t sound at all   

like Debussy, the first step in telling  

your Beethoven from your Bach, as 

promised in my title

 

you might not even be able to tell which  

is which as you’re listening, but you can

tell they’re different, you do the same 

thing telling your Monet from your 

Renoir

 

Rachmaninov also wrote, like Chopin, 

and Debussy, 24 preludes, and, like 

Chopin, in every key, major and minor

 

but spread out through three publications, 

Opus 3, no. 2from 1892, comprising of 

only one prelude, but a scorcher, The 

Bells of Moscow, listen

a second set, Opus 23, consists of ten, 

mostly iconic, pieces, you’ve heard 

them somewhere before, therefore 

iconic

 

the final set comes out in 1910, 

Opus 32with thirteen preludes,

for a total of 24

 

you’ll marvel, even Marilyn Monroe 

famously did

 

enjoy 

 

 

R ! chard 

how to listen to music if you don’t know your Beethoven from your Bach, XVII – on preludes

A Prelude by Bach, 1868 - Simeon Solomon

       A Prelude by Bach (1868)              

              Simeon Solomon

                     __________

what’s a prelude 

as the word suggests – pre, from the

Latin, means before, lūdus, again 

from the Latin, means game, play, 

spectacle – it is a piece of music that 

precedes another more elaborate 

segment in a compositional whole

 

a prelude is therefore likely to be short,

otherwise completely improvisatory,

no technical demands, just something 

that comes from the heart

 

there probably existed preludes before 

Bach, but he’s the one who put them 

on the map, with, specifically, his 

monumental Preludes and Fugues,

though that’s another story, more 

about which later, but he did write 

some stand-alone preludes, for 

instance his Six Little Preludes,  

BWV 933-938, from around 1717

to 1720, see above

 

a little over a hundred years later,

in 1834, Chopin picked up the 

mantle and wrote his own iconic

Opus 28, 24 stand-alone preludes,

one for every major and minor key, 

and established thereby the prelude 

as a viable musical form

 

nearly a hundred years later still, 

Debussy set up his own homage 

to Chopin, in two bursts of inspired 

composition, the twelve preludes of 

his Book 1 in 1909 to 1910, followed 

by his Book 2, again of twelve preludes, 

written in 1912 to 1913

 

these works are now generally played 

in complete sets, though they often 

pop up individually as short and sweet  

encores here and there at the end of 

successful recitals

 

enjoy

 

 

R ! chard

how to listen to music if you don’t know your Beethoven from your Bach, IX

The Spanish Guitarist, 1897 - Pierre-Auguste Renoir

          The Spanish Guitarist” (1897)

 

                  Pierre-Auguste Renoir

 
 

                            ____________

 

just as I was about to relegate the trill

to Mozart and the Classical Period, I

inadvertently came upon something

wonderful by Joaquín Rodrigo, a

Spanish composer, 1901 – 1999, a

concerto for guitar

 

the trill had been decorative, meant to

appeal to aristocrats frequenting

salons

 

then the French Revolution happened,

and the growth of the Middle Class,

and consequently popular avenues

of entertainment for the liberated,

concert halls, for instance, looked

for a more emotionally powerful

experience, arpeggios took care of

that

 

the trill died

 

but in 1939, nearly two centuries

later, Rodrigo wrote his Concierto

de Aranjueza descendent pays

homage to an elder, trills abound

 

it should be stated that a guitar can

play only one note at a time, it might

be that trills lend themselves better

to such an instrument than an

arpeggio would

 

then again, I’ve found that Spanish

music, the tango, the tarantella, for 

instance, see above, has held more

rigidly to the imperatives of Western 

music I’ve spoken of here before,

tempo, tonality, repetition, it is not 

Debussy, Ravel, it is not even

Chopin, it is peripheral, maybe, to

the cultural establishment, but

potent, steeped in blood and

tradition

 

here’s Rodrigo giving you Mozart

 

enjoy

 

 

R ! chard

how to listen to music if you don’t know your Beethoven from your Bach, Vl

The Potato Eaters, 1885 - Vincent van Gogh

            The Potato Eaters” (1885)

 

                   Vincent van Gogh

 

                        ___________

                        

where do you start with Chopin, he is

in our Western cultural bloodstream,

as identifiable in music as, say, van

Gogh is in painting, you don’t need 

to be interested in any kind of art to

have not been given even only a

whiff of these iconic artists

 

nearly anything I might present here

of Chopin you’ve probably already

heard somewhere before, if only in

bits

 

of van Gogh, well, he goes back in

the public imagination to at least

Vincent1971, the song, no one

doesn’t know about him, when I

heard it playing in Amsterdam at

the museum, with the first piece I

saw, The Potato Eatersdominating

the first wall, insisting on van Gogh’s

vision, his prophecy, his profound

compassion, I cried, I understood

what art is, see above

 

Chopin exerts a different kind of,

however equally potent, magic

 

Mozart might sound like Haydn,

Beethoven might sound like

Schubert, all of the Impressionists

sound like all of the Impressionists,

be they Ravel, Debussy, Satie, or

Saint-Saëns, to the untrained ear

 

but no one sounds like Chopin,

he’s, culturally, a North Star

 

here’s one of his nocturnes, the

moonlit one, in E flat major  

 

here’s a polonaisehere’s an étude,  

in English, a study, a finger exercise,

an iconic, here, prestidigitation

                        

here’s an impromptu, his very,

indeed, Fantaisie-Impromptu, just

to get your categories going

 

consider its construction, having

some information already about

fantasias, a work of the imagination,

open to any experimentation within

the confines of one movement, with

an impromptu, something purported

to have been created on the spot,

also in one movement

                        

the answer requires you to sharpen

your aesthetic pencil, always a

delight – an impromptu, a

spontaneous invention, a fantaisie,

a work of the imagination, how do

they differ, which part is a fantaisie,

which an impromptu, how do they

nevertheless coalesce

 

this exercise is the first step in

listening

 

enjoy

 

 

R ! chard

“The Afternoon of a Faun” – Debussy / Nijinsky / Nureyev

397px-Faun_merse

      Faun and Nymph (1867)

 

              Pál Szinyei Merse               

 

                      ________

 

 

to take a break, for a moment, from the

travails of Io, a heifer still, though her

father, Inachus, is aware of the situation,

and Hermes, messenger of the gods, is 

out, on the orders of Jove/ Jupiter / Zeus

to save her, and, at the same time, 

inspired by the music Hermes tells Argus

her many-eyed keeper, Pan, god of the

wilds, has been playing, with reeds he’s 

been left with of Syrinx, the nymph he  

would’ve loved had she not been 

transformed into rushes, as imagined by 

Debussy in his evocative Syrinx for solo 

flute, as highlighted in my last instalment

I could not not remember Debussy‘s 

other similarly mythological, and intimately

related, work, his Prelude to the Afternoon 

of a Faun, as modified itself by Vaslav

Nijinsky, legendary dancer and 

choreographer, into an event that verily 

shook the early 20th Century 

 

retitled, L’après-midi d’un faune, The

Afternoon of a Faun in English, the 

performance captures everything one

would gather from Ovid’s myths of its 

primitive, primal, sensibilities

 

the faun, needless to say, is representative 

of Pan, god of the wild, woodlands, a satyr, 

part instinct, part man, see above 

 

watch Rudolf Nureyev, then, his equally 

celebrated successor, take on the role

Nijinsky made famous, without any 

alterations made to the original 1912 

production, however improbably, 

though entirely successfully, we’re in 

Paris, May 29, though transposed,

faithfully and superbly, to New York,

Broadway, 1979 

 

proceed, however, at your own discretion, 

The Afternoon of a Faun is steaming, it’s 

about what happens when a young buck’s 

fancies, implacable and irrepressible, turn 

to love, not for the scrupulous, where does 

love begin, it asks, and lust retire, or is it 

the other way around, where does yin, in 

other words, meet, become, yang

 

these are questions that more and more 

begin to come up, you’ll find, in Greek 

and Roman, and most other ancient, 

for that matter, mythologies, something 

that isn’t at all touched upon in the 

Abrahamic traditions, Christanity, Islam, 

Judaism, monotheistic, though they’re 

at least as old, where nature, the place 

of animals, vegetation, land, water, our

intimate interconnection with them, 

don’t much, for better or for worse, 

come up

 

I miss the wonder of the more 

pantheistic, the pagan, perspective 

 

enjoy

 

 

R ! chard

 

 

 

The Transformation of Syrinx into Reeds

pan-and-syrinx-1619.jpg!Large

   Pan and Syrinx (1617 – 1619) 

 

           Peter Paul Rubens

 

                 __________



               Then Hermes thus: 

 

Hermes, messenger of the gods,

addresses Argus, keeper of Io

who’s been transformed by Jove

god of gods, into a heifer, though 

she remains daughter, ever, of 

Inachus, river god, to tell the

story of his rare, beguiling reeds

 

                                             A nymph of late there was
               Whose heav’nly form her fellows did surpass. 

 

here we go again with nymphs, 

beautiful, irresistible, however 

ever innocent, prey, due, indeed,

to their very beauty, their very

innocence, to lustful, inordinate 

desires, in these instances, 

markedly divine 

 

deities, I point out again, make 

up their own rules


               The pride and joy of fair Arcadia’s plains, 

 

Arcadia, apart from being an 

actual area of Greece, is also 

the ideal, in our historical 

imagination, of an utopia

much as is the lost island of

Atlantis 


               Belov’d by deities, ador’d by swains:
               Syrinx her name, by Sylvans oft pursu’d, 

 

Sylvans, could only be, though

I’ve been unable to find actual 

confirmation of my opinion, 

wood spirits, forest entities, 

satyrs, goat men, and such

 

               As oft she did the lustful Gods delude: 

 

Syrinx could often, or oft, delude, 

or fool, ward off, the lustful Gods

 

               The rural, and the woodland Pow’rs disdain’d; 

 

satyr yourself, Syrinx would’ve 

impudently taunted

 

               With Cynthia hunted, and her rites maintain’d:
               Like Phoebe clad, even Phoebe’s self she seems, 

 

Cynthia, is Phoebe, both also known

as Dianagoddess of the Hunt, you’ll

remember Phoebe / Diana from her

connection to Daphne, who earlier

here was transformed into a laurel 

 

Syrinx sounds an awful lot, incidentally,

like another version of Daphne


               So tall, so streight, such well-proportion’d limbs:
               The nicest eye did no distinction know,
               But that the goddess bore a golden bow: 

 

the only difference between Syrinx

and Cynthia / Phoebe / Diana was 

that Syrinx didn’t have, bear, 

golden bow


               Distinguish’d thus, the sight she cheated too. 

 

had she borne a golden bow, Syrinx

[d]istinguish’d thus, would’ve cheated 

the sight, looked identical, to the 

beautiful, it is inferred, goddess 

 

               Descending from Lycaeus, Pan admires
               The matchless nymph, and burns with new desires. 

 

Pan, god of the wild, woodlands

 

Lycaeus, Latin spelling of Lykaion,

is a mountain in Arcadia


               A crown of pine upon his head he wore;
               And thus began her pity to implore.
               But e’er he thus began, she took her flight
               So swift, she was already out of sight.
               Nor stay’d to hear the courtship of the God;
               But bent her course to Ladon’s gentle flood: 

 

Ladon, a river in Arcadia 

 

flood, rushing, though gentl[y], 

water, rhymes in the preceding 

verse, you’ll note, with God


               There by the river stopt, and tir’d before;
               Relief from water nymphs her pray’rs implore. 

 

Syrinx, once by the river stopt, seeks 

the help of, assistance, [r]elief from, 

the nearby water nymphs, her 

consorts  


               Now while the lustful God, with speedy pace,
               Just thought to strain her in a strict embrace, 

 

Pan, like Phoebus / Apollo, or 

Jove / Jupiter / Zeus before him,

is, as well, and characteristically,

a lustful God


               He fill’d his arms with reeds, new rising on the place.
               And while he sighs, his ill success to find, 

 

his ill success, his thwarted, 

ineffective, enterprise 


               The tender canes were shaken by the wind;
               And breath’d a mournful air, unheard before; 

 

the reeds that Pan gathered in his arms, 

shaken by the wind, create a mournful 

air, a melancholy music


               That much surprizing Pan, yet pleas’d him more. 

 

though Pan might’ve been much

surpriz[ed] by the sorrowful sounds 

he heard, he was more pleas’d by 

them than startled

 

               Admiring this new musick, Thou, he said,
               Who canst not be the partner of my bed,
               At least shall be the confort of my mind: 

 

Thou, Syrinx


               And often, often to my lips be joyn’d. 

 

in a kiss of consolation 


               He form’d the reeds, proportion’d as they are,
               Unequal in their length, and wax’d with care,
               They still retain the name of his ungrateful fair. 

 

the instrument Pan devised from

the tender canes he fashioned

from the unaccommodating reeds, 

what we now name the Pan flute

was called in Ancient Greece a 

syrinx, in honour of the 

recalcitrant nymph 

 

listen, coincidentally, to Debussy 

tell the storyfor solo flute,

however, which is to say, on a

modern instrumentfor our having 

long ago abandoned at a 

professional level the original pipe, 

though it remains, apparently, as a

folk instrument in more agrarian,

communities around the world, for 

shepherds, one would imagine, to

while away the hours while tending

to their, however wayward, sheep 

 

 

R ! chard